Representation of the [yih] sound in Ulster-Scots (palatisation)
Source | Ulster-Scots Language Guides: Spelling and Pronunciation Guide |
Author | Ivan Herbison, Philip Robinson and Anne Smyth (editors) |
Publisher | Ullans Press |
Edition | First Edition |
Date | 2013 |
Downloads | → MOBI (Kindle) → EPUB → PDF |
The [yih] sound in Ulster-Scots was once represented by the letter ‘yogh’, firstly as ȝ and then z in historical documents. As outlined in Part 1 above, it is represented only rarely now in modern writing, apart from its use in place names and surnames. The sound, however, remains in the spoken language, sometimes being represented as ‘y’ in a similar way to the way ‘y’ is used in the beginning of some English words such as ‘year’ and ‘yellow’.
a) Palatisation after initial consonants
The English pronunciation of certain words like ‘new’, ‘tune’ and ‘Duke’ include a [yih] sound after the consonants ‘t’, ‘n’ and ‘d’. This, of course, also applies in Ulster-Scots, but it extends here to words like neuk (‘nook’), teuch (‘tough’) and deuck (‘duck’). While some writers have revived the Older Scots letter ‘yogh’ in modern Ulster-Scots (and this includes ze and zeir for ‘you’ and ‘year’, etc.), the existing spelling conventions of ‘neu-’ or ‘new-’, ‘deu-’ and ‘teu-’ are adequate in most cases. Similarly, when the consonant ‘f’ is ‘yoghed’ in Ulster-Scots, a ‘feu-’ spelling is often sufficient, eg feuggie (‘left-handed’).
duck (noun) | - deuck |
tough | - teuch |
enough | - eneuch |
nook | - neuk |
hook | - heuk |
Note: The verb ‘duck’ is jook.
Some writers also prefer to represent the intrusive [yih] sound in words like feuggie, teuch or eneuch by using a ‘j’ or a ‘y’: fjuggy, tjugh, enyuch. This is consistent with the well-known Mid-Ulster English forms [gyarden] ‘garden’ and [cyar] ‘car’ for the same feature as it appears there. Indeed, a considerable number of Ulster-Scots words are best spelt with the consonant followed by a ‘y’ when the subsequent vowel is other than [oo] and another vowel is necessary. Examples include:
myowt | - whisper, small sound |
nyaff | - perky wee nuisance |
nyim | - tiny piece |
nyir | - nuisance |
nyirm | - whinge |
nyirps | - annoyance |
nyitter | - complain |
nyam | - make the sound of a cat |
A ‘neu-’ type spelling is preferred rather than ‘ny-’, except where the subsequent vowel sound is not [oo] (and is not followed by a vowel), or where confusion with another English word might result. For example, neuk, speuch and feuggie; but nyirp (not neuirp) and nyuck (not neuock).
b) ‘Yoghing’ vowels at the start of words
When certain words begin with a vowel letter they are spelt y- if they are pronounced with an initial [yih] sound in Ulster-Scots. For example, ‘ewe’ and ‘one’ are yowe and yin. Some of these words have a [yih] sound at the beginning in English too, of course, as with words such as ‘you’, ‘your’, ‘year’ (ye, yer, yeir).
Some words which do not begin with a [yih] sound at the start in English, are nevertheless modified in traditional Ulster-Scots. So ‘ale’ occurs as yill in some Ulster-Scots poems, and in earlier documents ‘earl’ is yirl or yerl. More familiarly, ‘earth’ becomes yirth or yird. Some Scots and Ulster-Scots words which are not shared with English are also modified in the same way. ‘Eagle’, which is earn in Scots, can also be yirn or yearn; ae, which is the adjectival form of ‘one’ or ‘a single’, is often yae; ‘one’, otherwise, has become yin in Ulster-Scots (although the ‘standard’ Scots form is ane), and ‘once’ is yinst.
The words thon (‘that’) and thonder or thonner (‘over there’) are used interchangeably with yon and yonner.
c) Palatisation after ‘l’
The consonant ‘l’ is followed by a [yih] sound (and by the letter z) in certain Older Scots words such as tulzie, culzie (‘welcome’) as well as in place-names such as Culzean, and surnames such as McFarlzean and Bailze. The north Antrim form of ‘kaylie’ is kailye (‘ceildhe’, ‘visit’). The word tulzie (‘dispute’, ‘quarrel’), pronounced [tul-yeh], is found in an early Donegal Ulster-Scots poem of 1720: ‘To redd the Royal tulzie sets thy muse’, while over a century later (in 1846) Robert Huddleston of Moneyreagh in county Down penned the line: ‘Or else the tulzie gangs mair t’ugh’.
In modern Ulster-Scots, when a vowel is preceded by palatisation after medial ‘l’ in certain words, this feature is represented by the insertion of y:
pollute | - polyute |
column | - colyeum |
flu | - flyue |
flute | - flyute |
glue | - glyue |
blue | - blyue, bue |
Note that the form bue for ‘blue’ retains the yogh sound even when the ‘l’ is lost.
d) Non-palatisation in words ending in ‘-ture’
In certain words like ‘picture’ and ‘nature’ which in English have a palatisation after the ‘t’ [tyure], the Ulster-Scots equivalents do not, but instead have an interdental [tthur] pronunciation.
picture | - pictèr |
nature | - naitèr |
manufacture | - mannyfectèr |
furniture | - furnitèr |
mixture | - mixtèr |
Next | The spelling system of The Hamely Tongue |
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